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technical breakthrough

  • 1 technical breakthrough

    n
    PROD avance técnico m

    English-Spanish technical dictionary > technical breakthrough

  • 2 technical breakthrough

    Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > technical breakthrough

  • 3 technical

    English-Spanish technical dictionary > technical

  • 4 Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 27 June 1818 Hainichen, Saxony, Germany
    d. 8 September 1895 Krippen, Bad Schandau, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of wood-pulp paper.
    [br]
    The son of a master weaver, he originally wished to become an engineer, but while remaining in the parental home he had to follow his father's trade in the textile industry, becoming a master weaver himself in 1839 at Hainichen. He was a good observer and a keen model maker. It was at this stage, in the early 1840s, that he began experimenting with a new material for papermaking. Until then the raw material had been waste rag from the textile industry, but the ever-increasing demands of the mechanical printing presses, especially those producing newspapers, were beginning to outstrip supply. Keller tried using pine wood ground with a wet grindstone. The mass of fibres that resulted was then heated with water to form a thick brew which he then strained through a cloth. By this means Keller obtained a pulp that could be used for papermaking. He constructed a simple grinding machine that could disintegrate the wood without splinters; this was used to make paper in the Altchemnitzer paper mill, and the newspaper Frankenberger Intelligenz-und Wochenblatt was the first to be printed on wood-pulp paper. Keller could not secure state funds to promote his invention, so he approached an expert in papermaking, Heinrich Voelter, Technical Director of the Vereinigten Bautzener Papierfabrik. Voelter put up 700 thaler, and in August 1845 the state of Saxony granted a patent in both their names. In 1848 the first practical machine for grinding wood was produced, but four years later the patent expired. Unfortunately Keller could not afford the renewal fee, and it was Voelter who developed the process of wood-pulp papermaking under his own name, leaving Keller behind. Without this invention, the output of paper from the mills could not have kept pace with the demands of the printing industry, and the mass readership that these technological developments made possible could not have been served. It is no fault of Keller's that wood-pulp paper contains within itself the seeds of its own deterioration and ultimate destruction, presenting librarians of today with an intractable problem of preservation. Keller's part in this technical breakthrough is established in his "ideas" notebook covering the years 1841 and 1842, preserved in the museum at Hainichen.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie. VDI Zeitschrift, Vol. 39, p. 1,238.
    "EineErfindungvon Weltruf", 1969, VDI Nachrichten. Vol. 29, p. 18.
    Clapperton, History ofPapermaking Through the Ages (provides details of the development of wood-pulp papermaking in its historical context).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

  • 5 Scientific

    adjective
    1) wissenschaftlich; (of natural science) naturwissenschaftlich
    2) (using technical skill) technisch gut [Boxer, Schauspieler, Tennis]
    * * *
    [-'ti-]
    1) (of science: scientific dis-coveries.) wissenschaftlich
    2) ((negative unscientific) following the rules of science: scientific methods.) wissenschaftlich
    * * *
    sci·en·tif·ic
    [ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk]
    1. (relating to exact science) naturwissenschaftlich
    \scientific approach [natur]wissenschaftlicher Ansatz
    \scientific theory [natur]wissenschaftliche Theorie
    \scientific method wissenschaftliche Methode
    2. (relating to science) wissenschaftlich
    \scientific assistant wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin
    \scientific breakthrough wissenschaftlicher Durchbruch
    \scientific community Wissenschaftsgemeinde f
    3. ( fam: systematic) systematisch
    * * *
    ["saIən'tIfɪk]
    adj
    1) (= of natural sciences) naturwissenschaftlich; apparatus, equipment wissenschaftlich

    the scientific community —

    scientific officer — wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin

    scientific opinion — die Expertenmeinung, die wissenschaftliche Lehrmeinung

    2) (= systematic, exact) classification, methods, study wissenschaftlich

    to be scientific about sth —

    he is a keen but not scientific football player — er ist ein begeisterter, doch technisch schwacher Fußballspieler

    his scientific boxing technique — seine gekonnte Boxtechnik

    * * *
    UNESCO abk United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNESCO f, Organisation f der Vereinten Nationen für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur
    * * *
    adjective
    1) wissenschaftlich; (of natural science) naturwissenschaftlich
    2) (using technical skill) technisch gut [Boxer, Schauspieler, Tennis]
    * * *
    adj.
    systematisch adj.
    wissenschaftlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > Scientific

  • 6 scientific

    adjective
    1) wissenschaftlich; (of natural science) naturwissenschaftlich
    2) (using technical skill) technisch gut [Boxer, Schauspieler, Tennis]
    * * *
    [-'ti-]
    1) (of science: scientific dis-coveries.) wissenschaftlich
    2) ((negative unscientific) following the rules of science: scientific methods.) wissenschaftlich
    * * *
    sci·en·tif·ic
    [ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk]
    1. (relating to exact science) naturwissenschaftlich
    \scientific approach [natur]wissenschaftlicher Ansatz
    \scientific theory [natur]wissenschaftliche Theorie
    \scientific method wissenschaftliche Methode
    2. (relating to science) wissenschaftlich
    \scientific assistant wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin
    \scientific breakthrough wissenschaftlicher Durchbruch
    \scientific community Wissenschaftsgemeinde f
    3. ( fam: systematic) systematisch
    * * *
    ["saIən'tIfɪk]
    adj
    1) (= of natural sciences) naturwissenschaftlich; apparatus, equipment wissenschaftlich

    the scientific community —

    scientific officer — wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin

    scientific opinion — die Expertenmeinung, die wissenschaftliche Lehrmeinung

    2) (= systematic, exact) classification, methods, study wissenschaftlich

    to be scientific about sth —

    he is a keen but not scientific football player — er ist ein begeisterter, doch technisch schwacher Fußballspieler

    his scientific boxing technique — seine gekonnte Boxtechnik

    * * *
    scientific [ˌsaıənˈtıfık] adj
    1. (engS. natur)wissenschaftlich
    2. exakt, systematisch:
    scientific management WIRTSCH wissenschaftliche Betriebsführung;
    scientific socialism wissenschaftlicher Sozialismus
    3. SPORT etc kunstgerecht
    sc. abk
    5. scilicet, namely näml.
    sci. abk
    2. scientific wiss(enschaftl).
    * * *
    adjective
    1) wissenschaftlich; (of natural science) naturwissenschaftlich
    2) (using technical skill) technisch gut [Boxer, Schauspieler, Tennis]
    * * *
    adj.
    systematisch adj.
    wissenschaftlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > scientific

  • 7 innovation

    сущ.
    1) общ. инновация, новшество, нововведение, рационализаторское предложение (изменение технологии, организации производства или самого продукта, которое осуществляется с целью достижения более высокой эффективности или создания новой ценности);

    managerial innovation — инновация в сфере управления [менеджмента\], управленческая инновация

    Syn:
    See:
    2) эк. инновации, осуществление инноваций (как процесс; употребляется без артикля или как атрибут)

    planned [purposeful\] innovation — планируемые инновации

    Based partially on the belief that innovation is not possible under perfect competition, many thousands papers have been written about the nature of innovation under monopoly or oligopoly. — Тысячи статей были посвящены природе инновационного процесса в ситуации монополии и олигополии, предполагая невозможность осуществления инноваций в условиях совершенной конкуренции

    See:
    3) соц. инновационность (по Мертону: тип адаптации индивида к новым социокультурным реалиям, когда принимаются социальные цели, но не способы их достижения: напр., рэкет, подделки денег, воровство, злоупотребления)
    See:

    * * *
    инновация: нововведение, создание и внедрение нового продукта или услуги, позитивные изменения, усовершенствование; см. financial innovation.
    * * *
    новшество; нововведение
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    вложение средств в экономику, обеспечивающее смену поколений техники и технологии
    -----
    любой новый подход к конструированию, производству или сбыту товара, в результате чего инноватор и его компания получают преимущества перед конкурентами

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > innovation

  • 8 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 9 Polhem, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751
    [br]
    Swedish engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.
    From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.
    In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.
    In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).
    Further Reading
    1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

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